Fig. 1

Clinical efficacy of etanercept for cytokine release syndrome and in vitro effects of etanercept on CAR T cells. a Maximum temperature for each day of the 3 patients after LCAR-B38M infusion. Arrows indicate the day of etanercept administration. b–d IL-6 and TNF-α levels before and after LCAR-B38M infusion in each patient. Cytokine levels are expressed as log10 pg/mL. The values less than the detection limit of serum cytokines were defined as “0” in the statistical analyses. Arrows indicate the day of etanercept administration. e Etanercept does not affect CAR T cell proliferation. CAR T cells was treated with 10 μg/mL, 2 μg/mL, 0.4 μg/mL, 0.08 μg/mL, 0 μg/mL etanercept for 5 days. On day 1, day 3 and day 5, cells are collected for cell counting. ns, P > 0.05. f, g Etanercept does not affect CAR T cell effector function. CAR T cells or untransduced T cells (UNT) as effector cells are cocultured with RPMI8226-Luc cells or H929-Luc cells at the effector to target cell ratio of 4:1, 2:1 and 1:1 with or without 10 μg/mL etanercept. ns, P > 0.05