Fig. 2

The Development of the main ACTs [15]. In 1982, Grimm found that IL-2 could stimulate PBMC to differentiate into a class of nonspecific killer cells, namely LAK. In 1984, the FDA approved the combination of IL-2 and LAK in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, lung cancer, colon cancer, etc. In 1986, Rosenberg's team found a class of T cells in tumor-infiltrating tissues, named TILs. In 1988, TIL was used for the clinical treatment of melanoma. In 1991, Schmidt Wolf et al. reported CIK cells for the first time. In 2006, Rosenberg's team used genetically modified TCR-T cells to treat melanoma, proving for the first time the feasibility of genetically modified TCR in tumor therapy. In 2008, Fred Hutchison Oncology Institute used CAR-T cells for the first time in the treatment of B-cell Lymphoma. In 2010, the FDA approved Provenge, the first DC therapy, for the treatment of hormonal refractory prostate cancer. In 2017, the FDA approved Kymriah, the first CAR-T cell product, for the treatment of recurrent, refractory, and juvenile B-cell ALL. In 2018, the FDA approved ImmunCell-LC, the first CIK cell therapy, as an adjuvant treatment after resection of hepatocellular, brain, and pancreatic cancer. Currently, ACTs include the following categories: CAR-T cells, TCR-T, autologous circulating T cells targeting tumor-associated antigen (TAA) or tumor-specific antigen (TSA), TIL, cell therapy derived from natural killer (NK) cells or natural killer T cells (NKT), T cell therapy based on new techniques (such as induced pluripotent stem cells, CRISPR or γ δ T cells), as well as treatments derived from other cell types (such as macrophages or stem cells)