Fig. 4

Improved prediction and enhancement process of immunotherapy. To enhance the accuracy of immunotherapy prediction, a combination of various markers, including the gut microbiome, is recommended. Firstly, patients who are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy should be identified while those with specific mutations that hinder its efficacy should be excluded. Secondly, a multiparameter model can be utilized to predict response rates in remaining patients. Manipulation of gut microbiota may serve as a potential intervention to rescue or further enhance treatment outcomes for both non-responders and responders, respectively