Fig. 1
Overview of general autologous/allogeneic CAR-T cell production and application process. (1) T cell isolation from different sources (depending on autologous or allogeneic use); (2) T cell activation for ex vivo culture (usually through CD3 and CD28 stimulation); (3) genetic modification for inducing CAR expression (commonly 2nd generation CARs); (4) expansion to obtain the desired number of cells (usually either IL-2 or IL-7 and IL-15 supplementations); (5) CAR-T cell therapy quality controls (in-process and final product controls); (6) administration to the patient/s; and (7) elimination of tumour cells triggered by CAR antigen recognition. QC: quality control. TM: transmembrane. Created with BioRender.com.