Table 3 Functions of SUMO cascade in regulating activity of immune related cells

PKM2

UBC9

Promote macrophage differentiation and TME remodeling through ectosomal excretion

[51]

IRF4

UBC9

Promote Treg cell proliferation and function upon TCR stimulation

[161]

BACH2

SENP3

Promote Treg cell stability maintenance via suppression of BACH2 SUMOylation and its nuclear export

[162]

NFATc1/IL-2

UBC9, PIAS1

Inhibit Treg expansion and promote autoimmunity through inhibiting IL-2 production

[163]

IL-7

UBC9

Promote T cells positive selection and late-stage maturation via maintaining CD8 single-positive cells survival

[165]

SLP-76

UBC9

Promote T cell activation via increasing IL-2 transcription

[166]

JunB/IL-2

UBC9

Promote T cell function via augmenting IL-2 and IL-4 expression

[167]

RORγt

SUMO3, PIAS4

Promote TH17 cells differentiation via maintaining its transcriptional activity by recruiting KAT2A and stabilizing the binding of SRC1

[168]

PLC-γ1

SUMO1, PIASxβ/3

Promote T cell activation through PLC-γ1 microclusters assembly

[169]

PKC-θ

PIAXxβ

Promote immune synapse formation and T cell activation

[170]

STAT5

SENP1

Promote early lymphoid precursors development via activating STAT5 signaling

[171]

Blimp-1

PIAS1

Promote plasma cells differentiation via enhancing interaction with HDAC2

[174]

DAXX

UBC9, SUMO1

Inhibit B cell development via nucleus localization and proper combination to PML oncogenic domains.

[172, 173]