Fig. 3

RBP mechanisms of action. The major functions of RBPs include: (1) RNA processing through RNA modifications, RNA editing, alternative splicing, and noncoding RNA biogenesis such as microRNAs (miRs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs). (2) Transport and localization of mRNA through messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes, (P) bodies, and stress granules. (3) Stability and translation of mRNA through mRNP complexes, stress granules, RNA modifications, RNA editing, and binding at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR), coding sequence (CDS), and 3′ UTR. (4) Decay of mRNA through RNA modifications, P-bodies, and miR-mediated regulation and the interaction of the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). (5) Multiple functions including any of the previously mentioned mechanisms in 1–4. All of these functions critically impact mRNA isoform expression, structure, stability, translation, and decay