Fig. 2

Different types of DC induction: A DCs can induced by RNA electroporation, RNA lipofection, passive RNA pulsing etc. B Monocyte-derived DCs generated from autologous or allogeneic CD14⁺ monocytes ex vivo can be induced by using GM-CSF and IL-4 and pulsed with autologous apoptotic leukemic cells or cell lysates. C Leukemia-derived DCs can be induced ex vivo from leukemic blasts cultured in the presence of different combinations of response modifiers, such as GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNF-α. Subsequently, all these different kinds of DC vaccines can present tumor antigens and costimulatory ligands to T cells. DCs can stimulate both adaptive and innate immune responses against tumor cells, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells