Table 1 Characteristics of different co-stimulatory molecules incorporated in CAR T cells
Co-stimulatory molecules | Characteristics | Author and year |
|---|---|---|
CD28 | Facilitates full and sustained T cell activation, growth and survival | Maher et al. (2002) [28] |
CD28-YMFM | Reduces T cell differentiation and exhaustion with increased skewing toward Th17 cells | Guedan et al. (2020) [35] |
Delta-CD28 | Better persistence with higher expression of genes involving cell division, glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation | Gulati et al. (2020) [36] |
4-1BB | Be associated with more anti-apoptotic proteins and reduced T cells exhaustion | Long et al. (2015) [16] Li et al. (2018) [34] |
CD27 | Upregulates Bcl-XL protein expression and resists apoptosis | Song et al. (2012) [29] |
ICOS | Presents the characteristic of TH17 cells with increased expression of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 following antigen recognition | Guedan et al. (2014) [30] |
OX40 | Represses IL-10 secretion and counteracts self-repression | Hombach et al. (2012) [31] |
TLR2 | Generates memory T cells, expresses pro-survival proteins and abolishes the suppression of regulatory T cells | Lai et al. (2018) [39] |
MYD88/CD40 | MYD88 is a TLR adaptor molecule. CD40 contributes to memory formation and rescuing T cells from exhaustion | Mata et al. (2017) [45] Collinson-Pautz et al. (2019) [44] |