Table 1 Culture systems of multiple organoids

Lung

Lung alveolar epithelial cells (together with lung fibroblasts)

Matrigel

SAGM medium with all additives except epinephrine (Y27632 was added during the first 2 days. Wnt3A, FGF7, FGF10, XAV939 and CHIR99021 were added after the first 2 days)

[6]

Gastric

hPSCs

Matrigel

Advanced Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12 with N2, B27, l-glutamine, HEPES, penicillin/streptomycin and EGF (Retinoic acid and Noggin were added for the first 3 days)

[36]

Lgr5⁺ stem cells

Matrigel

Advanced DMEM/F12 with N2, B27, N-acetylcysteine, Gastrin, and EGF, R-spondin-1, Noggin, FGF10 and Wnt3A (Y-27632 was added for the first 2 days, and Exendin 4 was added for the differentiation of enteroendocrine lineage)

[37]

Intestinal

ESCs and iPSCs

Matrigel

Advanced DMEM/F12, N2, B27, l-glutamine, HEPES, penicillin–streptomycin, EGF and Noggin

[9]

Liver

iPSCs

Matrigel

Hepatocyte culture medium supplemented with dexamethasone, oncostatin M, hepatocyte growth factor and SingleQuots

[38]

Pancreas

Pancreatic progenitor from hPSCs

Matrigel

MCDB131, glucose, sodium bicarbonate, FAF- bovine serum albumin, l-glutamine, l-ascorbic acid, FGF2, Y27632, insulin–transferrin–selenium–ethanolamine, nicotinamide, FGF10, glucose, indolactam V and the transforming growth factor β-receptor inhibitor SB431542

[39]

Prostate

Luminal and basal prostatic epithelial lineages

Matrigel

Advanced DMEM/F12, penicillin/streptomycin, GlutaMAX and Hepes, B27, N-acetylcysteine, EGF, the transforming growth factor-beta inhibitor A-83-01, Noggin, R-spondin-1, dihydrotestosterone, nicotinamide, FGF2, FGF10, SB202190 and prostaglandin E2 (Y-27632 is added when passaging with TrypLE)

[16]

Brain

ESCs

Matrigel

Advanced DMEM/F12, FGF2, insulin, Shh signaling inhibitor, bone morphogenetic protein, Y-27632, SB431542, FGF19 and stromal cell-derived factor 1

[40]