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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantion (e.g., leukemia and myeloma)
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1. Reset the immune system
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2. Allo-antigen response (graft versus tumor effect)
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Antibody (e.g., retuximab, trastuzumab)
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1. Eliminate cancer cells
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2. Block key signaling pathways
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Cytokines (e.g., type I interferon, interleukin-2)
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Boost both innate and adaptive immunity
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Dendritic cells (e.g., Sip-T for prostate cancer)
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Enhance tumor-specific T cell priming
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T cell checkpoint blockade (e.g., Ipilumimab for melanoma)
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Block/reverse immune tolerance
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Microbes (e.g., BCG for the transitional bladder cancer)
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Enhance innate and adaptive immunity
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