Table 2 Immunotherapeutic applications of EpCAM in cancer treatment

Edrecolomab (17-A)

mAb

Murine IgG, low affinity

Phase II in various adenocarcinomas, phase II/III in NSCLC

[123, 163, 164]

ING-1

mAb

High affinity, pancreatitis

Phase I in various adenocarcinomas

[123]

3622W94

mAb

High affinity, pancreatitis

Phase I in various adenocarcinomas

[123]

Adecatumumab (MT201)

mAb

Limited effects on tumor regression

Phase II in MBC and prostate cancer

[125, 126]

EpAb2-6

mAb

–

In vitro for colon and lung cancers

[6, 19]

Catumaxomab (Removab)

BsAb

CRS

Malignant ascites, phase II/III in ovarian cancer and phase II in gastric cancer

[123, 129]

MM-131

BsAb

–

In vitro experiments for HCC, BC, gastric and lung cancers

[131]

MT110 (Solitomab)

BiTE

Gastrointestinal toxicity

Phase I in advanced solid tumors

[136]

1H8/CD3

BiTE

–

In vivo and in vitro experiments for HCC

[137]

EpCAM16

BiKE

–

In vitro experiments for BC, prostate, colorectal and head and neck cancers

[138]

1615EpCAM

TriKE

In vitro for various carcinomas

[137]

Tucotuzumab celmoleukin (EMD 273,066, huKS-IL2)

ADC

Lymphopenia and hypophosphatemia

Phase I/IB in solid cancers

[143, 145]

Oportuzumab monatox,

ADC

Pain at the injection site

Phase I/II in HNSCCs and bladder carcinomas

[142]

Citatuzumab bogatox

ADC

Fever, hypotension and hypoalbuminemia

Phase I in advanced epithelium tumors

[142]

ChiHEA125-Ama

ADC

ADC released toxicity

In vivo and in vitro experiments for pancreatic, colorectal, breast and bile duct cancers

[146]

EpCAM-IGN

ADC

–

In vivo and in vitro experiments for various cancers

[147]

CAR T cell

Rapamycin pretreatment

–

AML

[149]

HsBCL9CT-24 cotreatment

–

Promoting infiltration and impeding exhaustion of T cells

[150]

Bispecific CAR T cell

–

In vitro experiments for various carcinomas

[24]

CAR NK-92 cell

Regorafenib cotreatment

–

Promoting T cells infiltration and inhibiting immune suppressive cells

[152]