Fig. 1

Acute GVHD therapy profile and treatment response. A Long-term outcomes of 21 patients with intestinal SR-aGVHD after the initiation of fecal microbiota transplantation combined with ruxolitinib. B The primary endpoint was the overall response (complete response or partial response) on day 28, and the key secondary endpoint was the durable overall response on day 56. C The best response to combination treatment in intestinal SR-aGVHD patients was demonstrated in different target organs. D The overall survival of all patients treated with combination treatment for SR-aGVHD. E The event-free survival of all patients treated with combination treatment for SR-aGVHD. F The cumulative incidence of aGVHD relapse in responsive patients; the competing risks were transplant-related mortality and relapse. G The cumulative incidence of malignancy relapse in all patients; the competing risk was transplant-related mortality. H Comparison of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17A levels detected in peripheral blood between baseline and within 3 weeks of the initiation of ruxolitinib treatment. The levels of IL-2 and IL-17A significantly declined. I Relative percentages of T cell subsets were examined before and during the use of ruxolitinib in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. The percentage of activated T cells (CD3⁺CD69⁺ cells) cells and NK cells (CD16⁺CD56⁺ cells) significantly decreased after the combination treatment. J The composition of the gut microbiota in four selected patients before and after the combination of ruxolitinib and FMT at the genus level. Patients 1 and 2 failed to respond to the treatment, while patients 3 and 4 showed complete responses. K The Shannon index of gut microbiota was measured to demonstrate the diversity of the intestinal microbiota before and after the combination of ruxolitinib and FMT. A restoration of diversity with a higher Shannon index was observed in CRs