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Table 1 Tumor-derived factors in recruiting neutrophils and inducers of NETs formation

From: The role of neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer progression, metastasis and therapy

Stimulus

Receptor

Function

Cancer type

References

Cytokines

 CXCL5

CXCR2

Promote cancer growth and metastasis by TAN chemotaxis and EMT induction

HCC, LC

[28, 29]

 IL-8

CXCR1/2

Promote tumor progression and metastasis by TAN chemotaxis and activation

HCC, LC, CRC, Melanoma

[30,31,32]

 IL-6

CXCR1/2

Promote cancer growth and metastasis by TAN chemotaxis

HCC, GC

[33, 34]

 IL-17

IL-17R

Promote cancer growth and metastasis by TAN chemotaxis and activation

HCC, CRC, BC

[35,36,37]

 IL-1β

-

Promote tumor progression and metastasis

CRC

[38]

 G-CSF

G-CSFR

Promote cancer growth and metastasis by TAN chemotaxis

LC, BC

[39, 40]

 HMGB1

TLR4, RAGE

Promote tumor angiogenesis and metastasis by TAN chemotaxis and NETs formation

HCC, CRC, Melanoma

[41, 42]

 TGF-β

TGF-βR

Promote cancer growth by neutrophils N2 phenotype transformation

LC, BC

[43, 44]

Chemical stimulation

 PMA

PKC

Promote cancer growth and metastasis by NETs formation

LC, BC, PDAC

[19, 45, 46]

 LPS

TLR4

Promote cancer growth and metastasis by NETs formation

CRC, LC, BC

[20, 45, 47]

 Ca2+

-

Trigger NETs formation

-

[19, 22, 48]

Extracellular microbes

 Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi

-

Trigger NETs formation

-

[49,50,51]

  1. NETs Neutrophil extracellular traps; HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma; LC Lung cancer; BC Breast cancer; CRC Colorectal cancer; PDAC Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CXCL C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; CXCR C-X-C motif chemokine receptor; IL Interleukin; G-CSF Granulocyte colony stimulating factor; G-CSFR Granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor; HMGB1 High mobility group box 1; TLR Toll-like receptor; RAGE Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts; TGF-β Transforming growth factor-β; PMA Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PKC Protein kinase C; LPS Lipopolysaccharide