Current insight into the regulation of PD-L1 in cancer

Table 2 Regulators of PD-L1

Type	Regulators of PD-L1	Cancer type
Transcription factors	MYC	↑T-ALL[26], NSCLC[27]
	BRD4	↑lymphomas and leukemia[26, 30], OC[31]
	STAT3	↑T cell lymphoma[37], BC[38], osteosarcoma[40], GC[41]
	STAT1	↑CHL and PMBCL[33], melanoma[34], HNSCC[35]
	NF-κB	↑prostate cancer [44], PC [45]
	CKD5	↑medulloblastoma [46], melanoma[32]
	HIF-1α	↑multiple cancers[47, 48] [184]
	MLL1	↑PC[134]
	NRF2	↑HCC[22]
	ATF3	↑melanoma and NSCLC[55]
Epigenetic regulation of PD-L1	DNA methylation	↓melanoma[62, 64], leukemia [39]
	Histone modification	↓BC and B cell lymphomas[53, 185], lung cancer[66]
	MicroRNAs	shown in Table 1
	N6- methyladenosine	↑OSCC[90], ↑BC[91]
	LncRNA and circRNA	HOTTIP, SNHG12, EMX2OS- ↑OC[76, 77, 81] SNHG20-↑esophagus cancer[78] CASC11-↑HCC[80] SNHG14-↑DLBCL[79] NUTM2A-AS1-↑GC[82] Hoxa-AS2-↑nasopharyngeal carcinoma[83] IFITM4P-↑OSCC[84] LncMX1-215-↓HNSCC[85] Hsa_circ_0000190-↑NSCLC[186] HasCircRNA-002178-↑ LUAD[87] CDR1-AS-↑CC[88]
PD-L1 regulation at the protein level	Ubiquitination	↓ BC[97], NSCLC[98], CC[99], colon cancer[100], melanoma[101, 102, 106], lung cancer[101], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[105]
	Glycosylation	↑AML[108], TNBC[109, 111], colon cancer[110], prostate cancer[111], glioma[112]
	Phosphorylation	↓ BC[114, 116], HCC[115]
	Acetylation	↓ multiple cancers[117]
	Palmitoylation	↑ BC and colon cancer[118, 119]
	Autophagy	↓ OC[122]

The up and down arrows represent the up- and down-regulation of PD-L1, respectively.

ISSN: 2162-3619