Table 4 Impact of the type of antibiotics on aGVHD

Imipenem-cilastatin

Treatment with imipenem-cilastatin was associated with the high risk of GVHD-related mortality, incidence of grades II–IV GVHD and GI GVHD

[47]

Penicillins including penicillin, penicillin derivatives and piperacillin-tazobactam

Penicillins and its derivatives were associations with increased risk of aGVHD. Exposure to piperacillin-tazobactam increased the incidence of grade II–IV GVHD and GI GVHD, and increased GVHD-related mortality

[47, 119,120,121]

Carbapenems

Carbapenems were associated with the increased risk of grade II–IV aGVHD and intestinal GVHD. Early and longer use of carbapenem especially increased aGVHD risk

[119,120,121,122,123]

Fourth-generation cephalosporins

The cumulative incidence of GI aGVHD was significantly higher in patients who received fourth-generation cephalosporins than in those who did not

[124]

Cephalosporins

There was no association between cephalosporins treatment and aGVHD incidence

[119]

Glycopeptide

Patients with GI GVHD received significantly longer administration of glycopeptide compared to those without GI GVHD

[122]

Aminoglycosides

There was no association between aminoglycosides treatment and aGVHD incidence

[124]

Quinolones

There was no association between quinolones treatment and aGVHD incidence

[122, 124]

Aztreonam

Treatment with aztreonam was associated with a decreased GVHD-related mortality by univariate analyses

[47]

Cefepime

Antibiotic exposure to cefepime was significantly correlated with reduced GVHD-related mortality by univariate analyses

[47]

Rifaximin

Patients received rifaximin showed lower transplant-related mortality and higher overall survival

[56, 125]