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Table 2 Baseline characteristics, blood parameters and coagulation factors are compared between the non-ICU and the ICU groups within COVID-19 cohort, and between the survivor and the non-survivor groups of COVID-19 ICU patients, respectively

From: Platelet-driven coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients: in comparison to seasonal influenza cases

COVID-19

(n = 461)

Normal range

Non-ICU

(n = 252)

ICU

(n = 209)p1

p1

value

ICU (n = 209)

Survivor

(n = 119)

Non-survivor (n = 90)p2

p2

value

Onset to hospitalization, day

 

4.0 (3.0–5.0)

4.0 (2.0–5.0)

0.254

4.0 (3.0–5.0)

3.5 (2.0–5.0)

0.572

Age

 

51.5 (39.0–63.0)

67.0 (57.0–76.5)

 < 0.0001

63.0 (55.0–76.0)

69.0 (58.8–78.3)

0.043

Gender, male N (%)

 

122 (48.4%)

128 (61.2%)

0.006

76 (63.9%)

52 (57.8%)

0.371

Mortality, N (%)

 

8 (3.2%)

90 (43.1%)

 < 0.0001

0 (0)

90 (100%)

 

Comorbidity

       

Hypertension

 

47 (18.7%)

73 (34.9%)

 < 0.0001

32 (26.9%)

41 (45.6%)

0.005

Diabetes

 

27 (10.7%)

44 (21.1%)

0.002

25 (21.0%)

19 (21.1%)

0.986

Cardiovascular diseases

 

8 (3.2%)

45 (21.5%)

 < 0.0001

25 (21.0%)

20 (22.2%)

0.833

Bronchitis

 

17 (6.7%)

17 (8.1%)

0.570

6 (5.0%)

11 (12.2%)

0.060

Blood parameters

       

White blood cells, × 109/L

3.5–9.5

6.1 (4.7–7.5)

7.3 (5.0–11.9)

 < 0.0001

7.0 (4.9–10.1)

8.6 (5.5–13.0)

0.015

 > 9.5

 

24 (9.5%)

74 (35.4%)

 < 0.0001

32 (26.9%)

42 (46.7%)

0.003

Neutrophils, × 109/L

1.8–6.3

4.3 (2.9–5.9)

6.0 (3.6–10.0)

 < 0.0001

5.1 (3.4–7.8)

7.3 (4.2–13.0)

0.001

 > 6.3

 

44 (17.5%)

99 (47.4%)

 < 0.0001

46 (38.7%)

53 (58.9%)

0.004

Lymphocytes, × 109/L

1.1–3.2

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

 < 0.0001

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

0.7 (0.4–1.0)

0.010

 < 1.1

 

118 (46.8%)

152 (72.7%)

 < 0.0001

78 (65.5%)

74 (82.2%)

0.007

Monocytes, × 109/L

0.1–0.6

0.5 (0.3–0.6)

0.4 (0.3–0.6)

0.464

0.4 (0.3–0.6)

0.4 (0.2–0.7)

0.356

 > 0.6

 

61 (24.2%)

60 (28.7%)

0.274

34 (28.6%)

26 (28.9%)

0.960

Red blood cells, × 1012/L

4.3–5.8

4.3 (3.9–4.6)

3.5 (2.9–4.1)

 < 0.0001

3.5 (2.9–4.1)

3.4 (2.9–4.2)

0.547

 < 4.3

 

128 (50.8%)

172 (82.3%)

 < 0.0001

102 (85.7%)

70 (77.8%)

0.137

Hemoglobin, g/L

130–175

128.0 (115.3–140.0)

107.0 (86.0–124.5)

 < 0.0001

108.0 (88.0–125.0)

106.0 (83.8–124.5)

0.941

 < 130

 

134 (53.2%)

165 (78.9%)

 < 0.0001

94 (79.0%)

71 (78.9%)

0.986

Hematocrit, %

40–50

37.8 (34.6–40.9)

32.2 (26.7–37.2)

 < 0.0001

32.5 (26.5–37.2)

31.9 (26.8–37.1)

0.915

 < 40

 

168 (66.7%)

178 (85.2%)

 < 0.0001

103 (86.6%)

75 (83.3%)

0.517

Platelet, × 109/L

125–350

201.0 (152.0–260.0)

173.0 (106.5–269.5)

0.002

197.0 (140.0–276.0)

137.5 (84.8–211.3)

0.001

 < 125

 

27 (10.7%)

67 (32.1%)

 < 0.0001

25 (21.0%)

42 (46.7%)

 < 0.0001

Mean platelet volume, fL

7.4–12.5

10.5 (9.7–11.2)

10.9 (10.3–12.1)

 < 0.0001

10.7 (10.2–11.5)

11.4 (10.4–12.7)

0.004

 > 12.5

 

7 (2.8%)

40 (19.1%)

 < 0.0001

16 (13.4%)

24 (26.7%)

0.016

Coagulation factors

       

Prothrombin time, s

9–13

13.4 (12.6–14.0)

13.2 (12.0–15.0)

0.712

12.7 (11.7–13.9)

14.2 (12.5–16.6)

 < 0.0001

 > 13

 

157 (62.3%)

111 (53.1%)

0.046

50 (42.0%)

61 (67.8%)

 < 0.001

INR

0.8–1.2

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

0.003

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.1 (1.0–1.5)

0.005

 > 1.2

 

25 (9.9%)

63 (30.1%)

 < 0.0001

27 (22.7%)

36 (40.0%)

0.007

aPTT, s

23.3–32.5

30.1 (28.1–31.5)

31.4 (28.1–36.2)

0.0001

30.7 (28.0–35.3)

31.7 (28.6–37.7)

0.224

 > 32.5

 

31 (12.3%)

88 (42.1%)

 < 0.0001

48 (40.3%)

40 (44.4%)

0.551

Thrombin time, s

14–21

15.9 (15.0–17.0)

17.3 (16.1–18.5)

 < 0.0001

17.1 (16.3–18.2)

17.5 (16.0–19.0)

0.362

 > 21

 

0 (0)

19 (9.1%)

 < 0.0001

8 (6.7%)

11 (12.2%)

0.171

Fibrinogen, g/L

2–4

3.5 (2.6–4.3)

4.2 (3.4–5.5)

 < 0.0001

4.2 (3.4–5.4)

4.3 (3.3–5.5)

0.831

 > 4

 

85 (33.7%)

122 (58.4%)

 < 0.0001

70 (58.8%)

51 (56.7%)

0.755

D-dimer, mg/L

 < 0.55

0.6 (0.2–1.2)

3.2 (1.0–6.2)

 < 0.0001

2.2 (0.8–5.2)

3.7 (1.4–7.3)

0.010

 > 0.55

 

134 (53.2%)

179 (85.6%)

 < 0.0001

99 (83.2%)

80 (88.9%)

0.245