Table 1 Baseline characteristics, blood parameters and coagulation factors in the COVID-19 cohort, compared to those in the influenza cohort
From: Platelet-driven coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients: in comparison to seasonal influenza cases
|  | Normal | Total (n = 870) | COVID-19 (n = 461) | Influenza (n = 409) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Onset to hospitalization, day |  | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) |  < 0.0001 |
Age |  | 64.0 (51.0–76.0) | 58.0 (47.0–70.0) | 69.0 (57.0–79.0) |  < 0.0001 |
Gender, male N (%) | Â | 511 (58.7%) | 250 (54.2%) | 261 (63.8%) | 0.004 |
Mortality, N (%) |  | 107 (12.3%) | 98 (21.3%) | 9 (2.2%) |  < 0.0001 |
Comorbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hypertension |  | 281 (32.3%) | 120 (26.0%) | 161 (39.4%) |  < 0.0001 |
Diabetes |  | 97 (11.1%) | 71 (15.4%) | 26 (6.4%) |  < 0.0001 |
Cardiovascular diseases | Â | 96 (11.0%) | 53 (11.5%) | 43 (10.5%) | 0.644 |
Bronchitis | Â | 76 (8.7%) | 34 (7.4%) | 42 (10.3%) | 0.131 |
Blood parameters | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
White blood cells, × 109/L | 3.5–9.5 | 6.8 (5.0–9.2) | 6.4 (4.9–8.7) | 7.3 (5.3–9.9) |  < 0.001 |
 > 9.5 |  | 206 (23.7%) | 98 (21.3%) | 108 (26.4%) | 0.075 |
Neutrophils, × 109/L | 1.8–6.3 | 5.0 (3.4–7.4) | 4.7 (3.1–6.9) | 5.5 (3.6–7.8) | 0.003 |
 > 6.3 |  | 298 (34.3%) | 143 (31.0%) | 155 (37.9%) | 0.033 |
Lymphocytes, × 109/L | 1.1–3.2 | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.4) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 0.001 |
 < 1.1 |  | 458 (52.6%) | 270 (58.6%) | 188 (46.0%) |  < 0.001 |
Monocytes, × 109/L | 0.1–0.6 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) |  < 0.0001 |
 > 0.6 |  | 263 (30.2%) | 121 (26.2%) | 142 (34.7%) | 0.007 |
Red blood cells, × 1012/L | 4.3–5.8 | 4.1 (3.5–4.5) | 4.0 (3.4–4.5) | 4.2 (3.7–4.6) |  < 0.001 |
 < 4.3 |  | 546 (62.8%) | 300 (65.1%) | 246 (60.1%) | 0.133 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 130–175 | 123.0 (106.0–136.0) | 120.0 (100.0–135.0) | 126.0 (111.5–137.0) |  < 0.001 |
 < 130 |  | 541 (62.2%) | 299 (64.9%) | 242 (59.2%) | 0.084 |
Hematocrit, % | 40–50 | 36.9 (32.4–40.7) | 36.0 (31.6–40.0) | 37.8 (33.9–41.6) |  < 0.0001 |
 < 40 |  | 611 (70.2%) | 346 (75.1%) | 265 (64.8%) | 0.001 |
Platelet, × 109/L | 125–350 | 195.0 (145.0–261.3) | 191.0 (138.0–260.5) | 201.0 (150.5–267.0) | 0.064 |
 < 125 |  | 146 (16.8%) | 94 (20.4%) | 52 (12.7%) | 0.003 |
Mean platelet volume, fL | 7.4–12.5 | 10.7 (9.9–11.6) | 10.7 (10.0–11.5) | 10.7 (9.8–11.6) | 0.618 |
 > 12.5 |  | 85 (9.8%) | 47 (10.2%) | 38 (9.3%) | 0.654 |
Coagulation factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Prothrombin time, s | 9–13 | 12.9 (11.8–14.2) | 13.3 (12.3–14.2) | 12.2 (11.4–14.1) |  < 0.0001 |
 > 13 |  | 418 (48.0%) | 268 (58.1%) | 150 (36.7%) |  < 0.0001 |
INR | 0.8–1.2 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.2) | 0.007 |
 > 1.2 |  | 179 (20.5%) | 88 (19.1%) | 91 (22.2%) | 0.250 |
aPTT, s | 23.3–32.5 | 29.2 (26.4–32.1) | 30.4 (28.2–32.7) | 27.4 (24.8–31.5) |  < 0.0001 |
 > 32.5 |  | 196 (22.5%) | 119 (25.8%) | 77 (18.8%) | 0.014 |
Thrombin time, s | 14–21 | 17.1 (15.9–18.4) | 16.4 (15.4–17.6) | 17.7 (16.7–19.5) |  < 0.0001 |
 > 21 |  | 109 (12.5%) | 19 (4.1%) | 90 (22.0%) |  < 0.0001 |
Fibrinogen, g/L | 2–4 | 4.0 (3.0–5.1) | 3.9 (2.8–4.8) | 4.2 (3.1–5.3) |  < 0.001 |
 > 4 |  | 429 (49.3%) | 206 (44.7%) | 223 (54.5%) | 0.004 |
D-dimer, mg/L |  < 0.55 | 1.10 (0.44–2.80) | 1.08 (0.35–3.27) | 1.13 (0.49–2.60) | 0.555 |
 > 0.55 |  | 607 (69.8%) | 313 (67.9%) | 294 (71.9%) | 0.201 |