Fig. 3
From: Novel insights into TCR-T cell therapy in solid neoplasms: optimizing adoptive immunotherapy
Challenges in applications of TCR-T immunotherapy for tumors. Applications of TCR-Ts in tumor immunotherapy still have some limitations and potential improvements: A Mispairing of introduced TCRs and endogenous TCRs may occur on TCR-Ts. B Multiple factors contribute to an immunosuppressive TME. C Antigenic heterogeneity of solid tumor tissues and decreased MHC-I molecules pose obstacles to TCR-T recognition. D Antigenic drift and loss in tumor cells occur during solid tumor development. E T cells are heterogeneous in different states of differentiation, with respect to characteristics such as activation capacity and lifespan. F Applications of natural killer (NK) cells or natural killer T cells as vector bring new advantages and possibilities. G TCR-Ts have demonstrated numerous adverse effects in clinical trials, most commonly cytokine release syndrome