Fig. 1
From: Challenges and strategies associated with CAR-T cell therapy in blood malignancies
CAR structure and generations. CAR T cells are composed of three functional regions from the inside out: (1) the signaling domain of the TCR, (2) the transmembrane domain, and (3) the scFv. 1st generation: CD3ζ as signal transduction domain;2nd generation: additional costimulatory signaling domains (CD28 or 4-1BB);3rd generation: both CD28 and 4-1BB as co-stimulatory domains;4th generation: genes added for cytokine expression; Next generation: IL-2R β fragment added to 2nd generation CARs, inducing JAKs and STAT-3/5 production by mRNA transcription