Crosstalk between colorectal CSCs and immune cells in tumorigenesis, and strategies for targeting colorectal CSCs

Table 2 Elimination of colorectal CSCs based on antibody–drug conjugates

mAb	Cytotoxic payload	Clinical trial title	References
Anti-CD166	DM4	PROCLAIM-CX-2009: A Trial to Find Safe and Active Doses of an Investigational Drug CX-2009 for Patients With Selected Solid Tumors (ID: NCT03149549)	[228]

mAb	Cytotoxic payload	Action	References
Anti-Lgr5	MMAE	In vivo experiments significantly reduce tumor volume and eliminate colorectal CSCs with less intestinal toxicity and prolonged survival of tumor mice	[220, 221]
Anti-Lgr5	NMS818	Exhibits target-dependent toxicity while having antitumor activity	[221]
Anti-CD133	SN-38	Targeted killing of colorectal CSCs, delaying tumor recurrence	[222]
Anti-CD44	Doxorubicin	With stronger affinity to tumor tissue, C26 tumor-bearing mice have a longer survival period after treatment	[224]
Anti-EpCAM (3–17I)	Saporin	Stronger lethality to EpCAM-positive colorectal cancer cells Becomes more effective with increasing light dose	[225]
Anti-EpCAM (HEA125)	α-amanitin	In vivo experiments inhibit tumor growth and reduce side effects	[226]

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