Crosstalk between colorectal CSCs and immune cells in tumorigenesis, and strategies for targeting colorectal CSCs

Table 1 Elimination of colorectal CSCs based on monoclonal antibodies

Target	Drugs	Clinical trial title	References
CD44	RG7356	A Study of RO5429083 in Patients With Metastatic and/or Locally Advanced, CD44-Expressing, Malignant Solid Tumors (ID: NCT01358903)	[191]
Notch1	Brontictuzumab	A Dose Escalation Study of OMP-52M51 in Subjects With Solid Tumors (ID: NCT01778439)	[203]
Notch2, Notch3	Tarextumab	A Dose Escalation Study of OMP-59R5 in Subjects With Solid Tumors (ID: NCT01277146)	[205]
Target	Drugs	Action	References
DLL4	Anti-DLL4 mAb	In vivo and in vitro experiments show antitumor activity Combination with chemotherapy drugs increases drug sensitivity	[207, 208]
Carbohydrate epitope	CC188	Recognizing a carbohydrate epitope on the surface of colorectal CSCs inhibits tumor invasion in human colorectal cancer cells	[209]
Progastrin	Hz8CV2	Inhibition of Wnt signaling and self-renewal of colorectal CSCs Combined with chemotherapy drugs to increase drug sensitivity	[211]
Lgr5	BNC101	Antitumor activity against colorectal cancer patient-derived xenograft mice Combination therapy increases efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy	[193,194,195]
RSPO3	Anti-RSPO3 mAb	Inhibition of colorectal cancer in patient-derived xenograft mice Inhibition of Wnt target gene expression disrupts cancer stem cell function	[198]

Target	Drugs	Action	References
DLL4	Anti-DLL4 mAb	In vivo and in vitro experiments show antitumor activity Combination with chemotherapy drugs increases drug sensitivity	[207, 208]
Carbohydrate epitope	CC188	Recognizing a carbohydrate epitope on the surface of colorectal CSCs inhibits tumor invasion in human colorectal cancer cells	[209]
Progastrin	Hz8CV2	Inhibition of Wnt signaling and self-renewal of colorectal CSCs Combined with chemotherapy drugs to increase drug sensitivity	[211]
Lgr5	BNC101	Antitumor activity against colorectal cancer patient-derived xenograft mice Combination therapy increases efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy	[193,194,195]
RSPO3	Anti-RSPO3 mAb	Inhibition of colorectal cancer in patient-derived xenograft mice Inhibition of Wnt target gene expression disrupts cancer stem cell function	[198]

ISSN: 2162-3619